College Student Vs. Peers - 1921 Words

The life of a college student is one that holds many simplicities and complexities. But in the case of â€Å"College Student vs. Peers†, college students hold many obvious and hidden privileges over their peers who choose not to go to college. These privileges range from gaining perks of future financial stability to growth of their present emotional maturity. Of course, the most obvious advantages involve the idea that college will provide you with a better life. And by a better life I mean the works. You will be introduced to better job opportunities, chances to work in the field of your choice, higher income, expanded knowledge, better social skills, independence, a chance to conquer developmental milestones and investments into your future. According to â€Å"The Atlantic.Com†, a survey showed that many people believe that college degrees are inherited. Therefore, if you obtain a college degree then your children are more likely to do the same and your children†™s children will also follow, creating a cycle of educated individuals instead of high school drop outs. The average age of entering college or the work force is 18. At 18, not many have their lives figured out to the tee on exactly what they want to do and how they will get it done. For some they have gotten to this stage, but life threw them a curve ball in which they may have to take another route. Being in college can help you discover what you like and dislike. It also allows the individual an opportunity to exploreShow MoreRelatedEnemy Of Title Ix : The Department Of Health, Education And Welfare918 Words   |  4 Pagescomplaints by women facing gender discrimination on college campuses across the nation. Many women quickly learned filing complaints with HEW was a wasted effort, many times the filers would have to wait â€Å"14 months† to open a case and by that time the problem had been resolved (PEER 71-74). After failure to find proper documentation about effectiveness of HEW’s results, two prominent organizations; Now’s Legal Defense and Education Fund and PEER began to research the validity of such claims only toRead MoreWomen in Psychology Psy 310 Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pageseducation and integration vs. segregation as it relates to psychology. Inez was born into a family with 10 other siblings where she attended â€Å"schools for colored† in Texas. Since her family was poor, it was decided early on that they could only afford to send the oldest child (a son named Leon) to college, and once graduated that he would pave the way financially to help his siblings to attend college. However, it was apparent that Inez’s desire to attend college was greater than herRead MoreFixed Vs. Growth Mindset : The Effects Of Poverty On 6th Grade Title I Students1646 Words   |  7 PagesFIXED VS. GROWTH MINDSET: THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON 6TH GRADE TITLE I STUDENTS An Action Research Project Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Educational Leadership Lamar University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Education in Education Administration By Ashley C. Glover May 2017 Abstract TITLE OF ACTION RESEARCH REPORT by Ashley C. Glover Rattan, Savani, Chugh, and Dweck (2015) state that scientific research shows that students’ psychology-theirRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology1194 Words   |  5 PagesElam, K. K., Harold, G. T., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., . . . Leve, L. D. (2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1543-1552. This source goes against the belief that nature and nurture even paly that much of a significant role in the way children grow up to portray themselves. Elam and Shaw say that it’s all aboutRead MoreThe Effects of Athletics on Student Performance Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pages Across the United States of America, approximately 55% of students participate in extracurricular sports activities. (Koebler, Jason. High School Sports Participation Increases for 22nd Straight Year. US News. U.S.News World Report, 02 Sept. 2011. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.) Academic performance, popularity, and physical fitness are all directly affected by involvement in athletics. Overall, and contrary to popular belief, those students who participate in athletic activities often have higher physicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article A Great Statement On The Wall Street Journal Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat statement in their wall street journal article â€Å"Surprising Finding on Two-Year Vs Four -Year Degree’s† it states a â€Å"college degree is worth the investment†. Most of the time it is not about what kind of grades you will get or what college your accepted into, it is all about perception, including financial issues, level of independence and wheatear or not a major is already determined. Meanwhile, Community college and Four-Year universities are both wonderful options, but are meant for totally differentRead MoreLanguage Style And Content Of Speech Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesincluded female and male college students who were observed for head nodding in classroom in response to either female or male professors or female or male classmates. The hypothesis was that women would nod more often than men (due to their increase backchannel responses) and that students would nod more to professors than to their own classmates (due to increased backchannel responses to superiors than to peers). They also hypothesized that gender of the student and s tatus of student would correlate suchRead MoreAnalysis Of Julie Betties Women Without Class1540 Words   |  7 Pagesis an observant who is really interested in â€Å"women from working-class families across racial/ethnic identities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bettie, pg. 8). She started her project in a community college, where she talks to the first generation of families attending college. Bettie observes that 20 percent high school graduates transfer to community colleges to four-year schools nationally. In addition to this â€Å"another 28 percent of Waretown graduates go directly to four-years schools; 3 percent attend trade schools; and theRead MoreFinding Employment For College Graduates1178 Words   |  5 PagesThere has been a major problem with finding employment for college graduates. Many students believe in order to receive a great job after you graduate you must attend an elite school or a predominately white school. Graduating from a historical black college most of the time gets looked down on because how people view them. There is a stigma that HBCU’s are less stringent and collect fewer less post grad employment opportunities. Sometimes receiving employment is not all about what school you graduatedRead MoreImpact of Social Media on Relationships Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pagesfamily’s favorite Christmas tradition. Of course, the sender of the friend request is not at fault, because society struggles with â€Å"what is private vs. what is public†. The research done suggests that by looking to the natural views of how the social penetration theory society has evolved that two things result; (1) we have different concepts of public vs. private information and (2) there is a much more expedient process for developing relationships than is suggested by the social penetration theory

The Effects Of School Violence On South Korea - 1308 Words

The supremacy of physical appearance in South Korea directly relates to every aspect of young people’s lives. As a whole, modern day Korea is an image-conscious and competitive nation. It is so much so that getting one’s foot in the door in love and career greatly depends on how attractive one looks. In order to enhance their social competitiveness, more and more young people have decided to undergo cosmetic surgery. First, in the middle and high school stages, there are many incidents of school violence that have occurred because of someone’s appearance. Students who look ugly will be more likely targets of ridicule. A study analyzing the reasons of school violence, shows that scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, global self-worth are the main reasons causing a school violence. Among them, physical appearance accounted for thirty percent of school violence as the most important reason. A half of students who enrolled this survey indicate that they have ever experienced school violence with acts of bullying and sexual harassment at least once in school life (Li 65-70). And this study also represented a phenomenon that most of the students in this bully groups are beautiful. An interview with the bully group of students found that they showed an arrogant attitude when they treated ugly students. They said that the ugly students make them uncomfortable and they thought ugly people should not be treated the sameShow MoreRelatedEssay on South Korean Education System and Human Development1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe growth and development of the country. As the education level of the population increases, the country grows as a whole toward a large economy. South Korea, for instance, had many events in history that influenced and developed the country to what it is today. In this paper, I will provide a background on the education system of South Korea and show changes that occurred across history. Numbers on human development and government expenditures will further support my argument. During theRead MoreHigh Suicide Rates And Its Effects On The Youth3323 Words   |  14 Pagesspecifically in South Korea. There are many different factors that contribute to suicide such as depression, certain cultural values, the educational system and more. It will begin with the rates of suicide found in the country versus the average suicide rate in other countries. We will further go in depth to discover how various reasons for depression and cultural values have impacted the youth. It will also describe the rigor and intensity of the educational system in present day Korea and its effects on theRead MoreTruman1435 Words   |  6 PagesChairman Mao * Communist led by Mao Zedong emerged victorious in the Chinese civil war. * Blocked from the U.N. The Korean War * Occupied by Japan during WWII, Korea had been divided in 1945. * In June 1950, the North Korean army invaded South Korea, hoping to reunify the country under communism. * Korea became the first clear test of containment. Gen. Douglas MacArthur * Launched a counter-invasion and was successful. He even pressed towards the boarder of China. MacArthurRead MoreThe 1950s and the 1960s900 Words   |  4 Pagesmany differences as well. Their similarities and differences include: the politics, the economy, the society, and the culture of both decades. In the 1950s, North Korea moved into South Korea and began a civil war between the two parallel countries. The reason for this dispute was the border lines as well as guerrilla fighting in the South, which created a greater tension on the issue. The reason why the U.S entered the Korean War was so that the Soviet Union would not gain another nation and, in turnRead MoreAlcohol Is The Biggest Killer Of Young People1566 Words   |  7 Pagespot of cultures and alcohol has played a great role and influence in this society. Each of these cultures mentioned have brought with them their cultural habits and drinking practices. But one of the most influential alcoholic imports has been t he effect on Native Americans and Native American culture since the founding of America. Before colonists came to the new world Native Americans only produced small quantities of weak beer and wine that was used mostly in ceremonies. After the new world wasRead MoreViolent Video Games And Gun Violence830 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Violent Video Games and Gun Violence: A False Shepard Or Violent Video Games and Gun Violence: Scapegoated Thesis Statement: While they may cause aggression in some people, playing violent video games does not cause gun violence because other countries that consume more video games per capita have less gun violence, they are mentally beneficial, and the real causes are rooted elsewhere. I. Other countries consume more video games per capita than the United States and they have significantlyRead More Media Corporations Profiting from Violence Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Corporations Profit from Violence      Ã‚   Whether it is a body found along the road, a school shooting, or planes flying into the World Trade Center, the images will be replayed over and over on Television ad nausea.. The most horrific acts may eventually be retold in books and movies. Packaging and selling the violence of the moment belongs to television - and television will keep reminding us of it.    The special custom-made armor covered his body from neck to toe. As the black-cladRead MoreHome Is Tony Morrison s Fictional Account Of A Korean War964 Words   |  4 Pagespeople he encounters. Often, Frank can’t even avoid racist violence, such as when he was pulled into a fight with a man in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Cee experiences just as many traumatic events as Frank without even leaving for war, in fact she doesn’t even leave the state of Georgia. She is abandoned by a man she thought she loved in Atlanta, a city she knows nothing of, which she believes happened because she was unable to attend school in the nearby town of Jeffrey or to meet anyone outside herRead MoreIn America, Family Violence Such As Child Abuse And Spousal1327 Words   |  6 PagesIn America, family violence such as child abuse and spousal abuse which is mostly against women has been known to be a silent crime. There has been a high percentage of cases against women and an estimated one half of all child abuse cases have been unreported (Pepler, 1989). In the late twentieth century, feminist groups began a campaign to accomplish a goal to eliminate family violence by changing people’s realization to conclude that no victim should leave a crime unsaid .in addition, twenty-eightRead MoreThe Exploration on Traumatic Experiences of North Korean Defectors2096 Words   |  9 PagesNorth Korea is one of the few countries that maintain communist system in the world. After Kim Il-Sung died in 1994, who was a dictator for nearly 50 years, the North Korean government has lost its power on the people. Since then, communist system has collapsed and economic crisis has been aggravated. Also the food crisis in 1990s caused famine across the country. For these reasons, a lot of North Korean people have tried to escape from their home country or hide themselves in China. The number of

Sex Trafficking Within The United States - 1355 Words

Between 14,500 and 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States annually, and often, the average age of entry is thirteen to fourteen years old (Hodge, 2008). One victim recalls that her pimp, a man who controls sex workers and keeps the earnings, would take her and two other girls from the ninth grade out of school during lunchtime, have them do calls, and bring them back. She explains, â€Å"He knew how to read each girl—this one likes to party, that one needs a job, this one wants drugs.† By doing this he could coerce the girls into doing anything he wanted or needed them to (Collins, 2011). According to the Department of Justice, 300,000 children may become victims of sex trafficking each year (Bessler Greenwood, 2014). However, under federal law, anyone under 18 years of age persuaded into commercial sex is a victim of sex trafficking, regardless of whether the trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion (Coorlim Ford, 2015). Despite these statistics, the n umbers reported on trafficking are inaccurate. Deirdre Bialo-Padin, the Brooklyn D.A.’S Chief of Domestic Violence explains â€Å"They’re too low. It’s an underreported crime. Who is going to raise her hand and say, ‘Hi, I’m a trafficking victim!’† When people think of human trafficking they immediately think of things such as drugs and confinement (Collins, 2011). However, most traffickers use subtle approaches to make victims feel helpless and alone so they can eventually trick them into entering into the sexShow MoreRelatedChild Sex Trafficking And Human Trafficking1096 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it’s hard not to wonder if they have been kidnapped and are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking also known as human trafficking is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but alsoRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreSex Trafficking And The United States1672 Words   |  7 Pageshuman sex trafficking, they think of heinous acts that take place in other countries where adults, children, girls and boys are exploited to perform sexual acts in exchange for money or goods against their will. They think it typically occurs in places that are less developed than the United States. However, the reality of this horrific crime is that it is taking place in the United States, and it occurs more and more each and every day. Yo ung girls are not solely the victim of human sex traffickingRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1603 Words   |  7 Pageslabor, sex, and financial gain runs deep and parallel to the existence of civilization. While a small portion of the history of slavery reflects a more humane and less brutal treatment of those in servitude, such as the Babylonian slaves of 18th century BC who were permitted to own land; contrastingly, most slavery practices historically have been established in a foundation of violence and control, such as the slaves of ancient Greece in 7th century BC. The history of slavery in the United StatesRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported da ta about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreVictims of Trafficking Protection Act Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfeature to the VTVPA is that the United States will penalize countries if they do not comply with the VTVPA (Holman, 2009). This is an imperative feature and I think that it should be implemented throughout every single piece of legislation that deals with trafficking. Countries should be held accountable if they do not comply. The only way that sex trafficking can be officially over is if every single country complies with all the legislation. The United States looks at six different factors whenRead MoreProstitution Prevention And Prevention Act1560 Words   |  7 Pageshe perpetuation of human sex trafficking and the rising numbers of trafficked victims is also link ed to Thailand’s weak government. The combination of widespread corruption among government officials and the lack of enforcement of laws concerning the Thai sex industry has lead to the prominence of human sex trafficking. The 1996 Prostitution Prevention and Prevention Act was implemented to punish pimps, procurers, brothel owners and customers, however; this law and many others designed to protectRead MoreThe Global North And Global South Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesis constantly under development. These two groups are: The Global North and the Global South. The separation between the two lays in the different socio-economic and political standings of the nations within them. The Global North is composed of the primary, developed leaders, such as the United States, Australia, and European Union. On the other side of the economic and political spectrum lies the Global South, which is composed primarily of Third World nations. According to The Politics of GlobalRead Mor eThe Rights Of Immigration And Citizenship Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe standing and social worth of non-citizens in America society. The visibility of sex trafficking within the labor market becomes the issue in immigrants agency. Because many of the opportunities in the market are illegal the channels to remain employed are often underrepresented in reports and cases in the exploitation of sexual labor (U.S. Department of State, 2016). Accordingly, U.S policies on sex trafficking are driven more by ideology than empirical evidence (Brent and Lerum 2016:18) UltimatelyRead MoreHuman Trafficking1302 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome victims of trafficking, spread awareness, and to have more efficient programs to help the trafficking victims recover. Section Two: Human trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, currently second after illegal drug-trade. Human trafficking is a violation of human rights and considered to be a form of modern day slavery, the illegal trade of humans for forced labor or exploitation, fortunately it is recognized as a growing issue in the United States. Exploitation refers

Dreyfus Affair Research Paper free essay sample

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal, which polarized French society on a number of levels. The conviction of Jewish Artillery officer, Alfred Dreyfus raised many questions regarding the power of the French War Office, and called to attention the corruption within the French legal system. The Affair divided France on several levels, demonstrating the differing political methods of rural and urban France, as well as inspiring debate between Secularists and the Church, as well as the Left and Right wings. The Affair spurred an â€Å"emergence of anti-Semitic nationalist politics† (Fitch 57) and drove the formulation of a French Radical Right. This new divided and factional France, the disassociation between urban and rural society demonstrated by the Affair, as well the rampant anti-Semitism ignited by the trial established that the French were all too willing to turn on one another, and demonstrated that there was no real French unity, no real â€Å"French Nationalism. † Alfred Dreyfus was born October 9th in Mulhouse, France. He later moved to Alsace Lorrain, where he spent most of his childhood under the inattentive watch of his wealthy father. His family was forced to move to Paris when Germany Annexed the Alsace Lorrain Province in 1871. In 1877 Dreyfus entered the Ecole Polytechnique Military Academy at the age of eighteen; graduating three years later in 1880, he immediately joined the military, ultimately achieving the rank of captain in 1889, and was made assistant director to the polytechnical school. He was eventually admitted to the superior war college, where he graduated 9th in his class, eventually becoming a trainee at the army headquarters (Sinclair). A short while after his admittance to the army headquarters, Alfred Dreyfus was arrested on a claim of treachery drawn from his alleged writing of Bordereau: a document found in a wastebasket within the Statistical Section of the German embassy; the section concerned with counterintelligence. The document outlined the intentions of an army officer, believed to be Alfred Dreyfus, but later proved to be major the Count Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy, to sell military secrets to the Germans. It was around this time that Lieutenant Colonel du Paty de Clam, who was sure of Dreyfus’ guilt, even after being told otherwise by handwriting experts, was assigned chief investigator of the case. De Clam was ordered by his superiors to quickly conclude the matter, resulting in military pressure on the handwriting experts to produce results favorable to the Minister of War: the prosecuting side. De Clam’s conquest was joined by a number other generals due to religious affiliation, and their subsequent anti-Semitic sentiments, or their paranoia of national security. On October 15th, de Clam had Dreyfus write a dictation, which, unbeknownst to Dreyfus, was to be used as evidence against him. Satisfied with what he believed to be incriminating evidence, de Clam arrested Dreyfus on the spot, subtly offering him the alternative of suicide (Alfred Dreyfus Biography). Dreyfus was handed a guilty verdict after a corrupt trial of unreliable witnesses on the side of the prosecution. The defense was offered no testimony, no cross-examination, and faced a jury of minor officers trained to believe that the word of the Minister of War was absolute. The trial primarily consisted of slandering Dreyfus, painting him as the â€Å"dirty Jew† stereotype of the time (Mattar 144). The â€Å"Dirty Jew† stereotype evolved from anti-Semitic sentiments developed during the Middle Ages, where the newfound power of Christianity forced Jews to decide between conversion or death. The stereotype reached a high-point during the crusades, where the Jews were attacked, their synagogues burned, and the general populace was forced to flee. From their immigration into other nations developed the idea that they were scavengers, migrants, similar to rats. The Jews were looked down upon as unclean, as they were not Christian, and therefore not good, not â€Å"clean. † Dreyfus was sentenced to life in prison on the Devil’s Island penal colony in the Caribbean, coming as a surprise to both Dreyfus and his lawyer, as they believed he would be acquitted due to lack of evidence. Within the small circle interested in the trial, aristocrats and the urban populace, it was believed this punishment was far too harsh: â€Å"Had a traitor opened the border to the enemy and driven the German emperor straight to Notre-Dame† (Zola). On July 1st, 1895, Major Picquart became the head of the French Statistical Section. Picquart’s interest in the case lead to his discovery of forged case documents, planted by the former Statistical Section’s head. He presented this evidence to the Minister of War, but was ignored, concluding no matter the evidence presented proving Dreyfus’ innocence, no effort would be made to revise his case and no offer would be made for a retrial. The War Office wished to avoid a retrial, believing that acknowledging the innocence of Dreyfus would cause their own collapse under public contempt. Seeing the Major as a threat to this, Picquart was sent on a number of assignments, more often than not dangerous, in order to silence his pleas to retrial the innocent Dreyfus (Sinclair). It was around this time that a telegram sent by a foreign power was intercepted by the Lieutenant Colonel, proving Esterhazy’s guilt and, subsequently, Dreyfus’ innocence. Many came to the defense of Esterhazy, but it was clear that de Clam was at the heart of it, â€Å"with his trademark fruits of his fertile imagination† (Zola). Given a retrial after the surfacing of the new evidence, Dreyfus was again found guilty, his sentenced reduced to 10 years due to â€Å"extenuating circumstances. † This unjust punishment was met with the apathy of the people, primarily due to disassociation with political France or anti-Semitic beliefs. The War Office ultimately decided on the court-martialing of Esterhazy in order to establish his innocence and simultaneously confirm Dreyfus’. Esterhazy was unanimously acquitted after only two days, and the cause of the Dreyfusards was delivered a severe blow. A change of government in June 1898 appointed Godefroy Cavaignac, a staunch anti-revisionist, as the Minister of War. Cavaignac demanded a thorough investigation of the secret Dreyfus file, finding three documents supposedly indicative of both Dreyfus and Esterhazy’s guilt. Unfortunately for Cavaignac, one of the documents was found to be a forgery, and on August 30th, colonel Henry, the perpetrator of the forgery, was arrested. August 31st, Henry committed suicide, Esterhazy fled to Belgium, and a number of Generals involved in the cover-up resigned. Revision of the trial was inevitable, but in the months leading up to the trial, the army continued to resist, clinging to the belief that the truth would only cause internal collapse. Dreyfus is pardoned on September 19th, but is not restored his full position and his former honor until 1906. The Dreyfus trial had a number of resounding effects in the following years of the French political world. The Affair exposed corruption within both the military and the Church, calling attention to the flaws in the military hierarchy when dealing with internal Affairs. The jury, composed of minor military officers, had been taught obedience to the Ministry of War throughout their careers, eliminating the fairness and unbiased they were supposed to carry into a trial. The Affair also demonstrated the Church’s corrupt influence in the political world, as it was apparent Dreyfus’ religion played a large role on his persecution and conviction. This lead to the prompt passing of a secularist bill in 1905, separating Church and state. The Affair ultimately lead to a divided France- split due to religion, political affiliation, and wealth (Fitch 59). Throughout the trial, there existed the idea of anti-Semitism, ignited by the Affair itself. Despite his clear innocence, it was still maintained that Dreyfus was inherently guilty, dictated by the â€Å"Dirty Jew† stereotype of the time. Dreyfus was nothing more than a scapegoat, a cumulative expression of the anti-Semitic sentiments rampant at the time: â€Å"He [Dreyfus] is the victim of the lurid imagination of major du Paty de Clam, the religious circles surrounding him [the Church], and the ‘dirty Jew’ obsession† (Zola). This obvious societal division demonstrated the clear lack of unity among the French people. Despite identifying as French on a large scale, they first identified themselves as followers of the Church, as Christians, as anti-Semites. The French were so willing to turn on a clearly innocent man and the other half of the populace who supported him, because of religious stereotypes. This demonstrated that there was no real factor unifying the entirety of France, not nearly as much as there were factional loyalties, which made up a divided nation. During the Affair and in the period following it, France existed as a country, but not a nation. France existed as a place on the map, but there was no true â€Å"French† populace. The loyalties of the peoples were instead to their respective factions, created during the Affair. There were the Dreyfusards and the anti-Dreyfusards during the Affair, and immediately following it were the Left and Right wings, as well as the Church and the secularists. The Dreyfusards consisted of prominent liberals, Republicans, Socialists, anti-clerics, and aristocrats. On the opposing side: the anti-Dreyfusards were Royalists, anti-Semites, militarists, and those affiliated with the Church. The Affair was an amazing feat of unity as opposing groups were able to come together over similar opinions: the alliance between the Republicans and Socialists. Although the trial did promote unity, it was promoted on a factional level and small-scale. The Dreyfusards identified as Dreyfusards before they identified as French; on the opposing side, the anti-Dreyfusards too identified first as anti-Dreyfusards, and second as French. This factional dedication exhibited by those interested and involved in the trial demonstrated that there was no single factor unifying the general populace, instead there were unifying factors drawing small groups of people together, creating a plethora of factions which constituted France, and demonstrated that there was no French nationalism. There was instead factional nationalism: Dreyfusard nationalism or Secularist nationalism, but no French nationalism, no French nation. Despite its importance, a large majority of France, especially those who lived in rural areas, remained apathetic toward the trial. The disinterest was not a matter of intelligence, but a matter of relevance: â€Å"significant numbers of peasants remained indifferent to the Affair, not because they were unable to understand its complexities, but because it failed to strike a relevant chord in villages† (Fitch 56). This general disinterest in the countryside lead to the development of a differing political method than in urban France, where politics were based on leagues, mass movements, and mass culture. New rural politics were less driven by the â€Å"anonymous crowd† political method, which had preceded it, as less people in the countryside cared or were politically involved. The method became based on isolated political demonstrations, arguably granting greater power to the individual. The general rural populace remained uninterested in the larger ideas revealed during the Affair, viewing it only as a source of epithets and jokes to use in everyday life, contrasting greatly to the urban response to the trial where the majority of the populace was involved (Fitch 52). This disassociation between urban France and the majority of the population, who lived in rural France as peasants, goes to show the lack of a unifying factor for the majority of the people. This once again demonstrates a lack of â€Å"French† nationalism through a lack of French unity, further exemplified by the Affair. Many French historians believe that the Dreyfus Affair signified the birth French nationalism, but that was not the case. The Affair demonstrated that France was too factional, the classes too disassociated with one another for there to be any real unity across the country. The Affair teaches that on smaller scales, nationalism causes conflict. It is the overzealous pride in ones own belief, which can cause rational conflicts to spiral out of control. The Affair proposes that small-scale nationalism is the first step toward internal conflict and that nation-wide common unity is the sole cure to domestic strife.