13 Successful People Who Overcame Homelessness

13 Successful People Who Overcame Homelessness Individuals so regularly make suppositions about what vagrancy is and means and who succumbs to it. Additionally, they make inverse suspicions about progress. Before you choose you realize what either implies throughout everyday life, consider this rundown of rich and well known individuals who once in the past battled with vagrancy. 1. J LoWhen Jennifer Lopez left her mother’s house when she was 18 to turn into an artist and lived all alone, a few evenings resting on a bed in a move studio until she got her enormous break.2. Steve JobsYou probably won't understand that Steve Jobs was a school dropout. He was likewise destitute for a short period, having surrendered his apartment. Leaving school was at last the correct call for him, yet he had to spend some time gathering soft drink containers to have the option to stand to purchase nourishment for himself.3. JewelJewel lived out of her vehicle as an adolescent, and possibly hauled herself out of that circumstance when she got her first record deal.4. Sylvester StalloneBefore Rocky, the film star got himself destitute and needed to sell his pooch for $50. After he sold the content, he repurchased his closest companion for $3,000.5. Halle BerryWhen battling to make it as an entertainer, Halle Berry invested energy in a destitute safe house. She proceeded to win an Academy Award.6. Chris PrattChris Pratt supposedly invested energy living out of a van in Hawaii until he propelled his profession with Cursed Part 3. 7. Jim CarreyMaybe his extraordinary comical inclination originates from the way that he and his family lived in a VW transport they stopped all through Canada when he dropped out of secondary school. They even spent some time living in a tent on his sister’s garden with their van stopped in her driveway.8. Dr. PhilMr. Self improvement himself was once destitute, and living in a vehicle with his dad in Kansas City as his dad finished a temporary job in psychology.9. Suze OrmanWould you acce pt the budgetary self improvement star was destitute for four months in 1973 and lived out of her vehicle? She’s worth about $35 million now.10. Daniel CraigBond, James Bond used to need to rest on park seats when he was a battling on-screen character in London. He’s now 46 and worth over $65 million.11. Ella FitzgeraldElla had some difficult situations as a young lady. What's more, without a doubt was destitute for a while not long before she featured at the Apollo theater in Harlem and appearing her vocation in 1934.12. Hillary SwankWhen she moved to LA to begin her acting vocation, she and her mom rested in their car.13. Kelly ClarksonThe American Idol star lost her first LA condo to a fire and needed to live out of her vehicle or in covers before her large tryout.

African American Characteristics Paper Essay

African American culture in the United States alludes to the social commitments of Americans of African plunge to the way of life of the United States, either as a component of or particular from American culture. The unmistakable character of African American culture is established in the recorded understanding of the African American individuals. The way of life is both particular and gigantically persuasive to American culture overall. African-American culture is established in Africa. It is a mix of mostly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean societies. In spite of the fact that bondage significantly limited the capacity of Americans of African plunge to rehearse their social conventions, numerous practices, qualities, and convictions endure and after some time have changed or mixed with European American culture. There are a few aspects of African American culture that were complemented by the servitude time frame. The outcome is an exceptional and dynamic culture that has had and keeps on profoundly affecting standard American culture, just as the way of life of the more extensive world† (Rydell, 2010). Learning Team B has picked African Americans as the socially various gathering we will concentrate on. The subjects in this paper will be African American history, family attributes, child rearing practices, language, and religion. Additionally, the essential attributes of African Americans and how those qualities sway their experience as a subculture in American Society will be a theme. The last point will be the ramifications of the attributes for mental hypotheses and practices. History African Americans are the relatives of Africans brought to America during the servitude period. Many were claimed as property and compelled to fill in as day workers in the fields or as hirelings in their owner’s homes. Others were permitted to work off their obligations by being limb and sold on â€Å"the block†. An article titled â€Å"The Slave Auction of 1859 gives a short record of what it was to be sold on â€Å"the block†: â€Å"The purchasers, who were available to the quantity of around 200, bunched around the stage; while the Negroes, who were not liable to be promptly needed, assembled into tragic gatherings out of sight to watch the advancement of the selling in which they were so miserably intrigued. The breeze wailed outside, and through the open side of the structure the driving precipitation came pouring in; the bar down steps stopped for a brief timeframe its lively exchange; the purchasers lit new stogies, prepared their inventories and pencils, and the principal parcel of human belongings are driven upon the stand, not by a white man, yet by a smooth mulatto, himself a slave, and who appears to respect the selling of his brethren, where he so loquaciously helps, as a capital joke. It had been declared that the Negroes would be sold in â€Å"families,† that is to state; a man would not be separated from his significant other, or a mother from an extremely small kid. There is maybe as much strategy as mankind in this course of action, for along these lines many matured and unserviceable individuals are discarded, who in any case would not locate a prepared sale†¦ â€Å"(New York Daily Tribune, 1928). President Abraham Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the country moved toward its third year of common war. The announcement proclaimed â€Å"that all people held as slaves† inside the defiant states â€Å"are, and henceforward will be free. † Despite this extensive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was restricted from multiple points of view. It applied distinctly to states that had withdrawn from the Union, leaving subjugation immaculate in the unwavering fringe states. It additionally explicitly excluded pieces of the Confederacy that had just gone under Northern control. Generally significant, the opportunity it guaranteed relied on Union military triumph. History pages regularly guarantee President Lincoln as â€Å"The Great Emancipator† which most instructed grown-ups come to learn is an over distortion. The general agreement is that Lincoln never liberated a solitary slave, and just utilized the announcement as a way to get what he needed from the states. When liberated most African Americans despite everything experienced racial brutality and lived in dread for a long time. In 1870 the fifteenth amendment was added to the constitution giving blacks the option to cast a ballot. Despite the fact that blacks were free they were as yet isolated from the white individuals, made to go to various schools, stores, and even ride at the rear of the transport. In 1954 the incomparable courts announced isolation in school illegal because of the Brown versus The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The common right development was at its top during 1955-1965. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, guaranteeing essential social equality for all Americans, paying little mind to race, after almost a time of peaceful fights and walks, running from the 1955-1956 Montgomery transport blacklists to the understudy drove demonstrations of the 1960s to the colossal March on Washington in 1963. In 1968 President Johnson marked the Civil Right act denying segregation in the deal, rental, and financing of lodging. Probably the most well known pioneer of the common right development incorporates Martin Luther King Jr. , Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks and numerous others. Albeit social liberties were set up numerous African American despite everything attempted to be dealt with reasonably in America. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society was set up in 1978 by a decision of the Supreme Court to guarantee that minorities are given an open door that they may have missed as a result of their race. In 2008 Barack Obama was the principal African American to be selected for a significant gathering candidate for president. He was chosen the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009. Family and Parenting Characteristics As with most societies, African Americans place a high incentive on their families. In the United States African American family’s make-up 12. 9 percent of the populace as indicated by the 2003 US Census. The US evaluation additionally shows that for African Americans beyond 15 34 five years old 34 percent wedded, five percent isolated, eleven percent separated, seven percent bereft, and 43 percent were rarely hitched. As per the First Things First site, â€Å"African Americans are the most un-joined forces bunch in America† (Medium, 2011, para. 4). One significant objective of African American families is communalism, which is significant for compelling working (Hall, 2010). Lobby (2010) portrays African American families as having three family types. The main sort is the strong definitive that is disclosed to be a family with high attachment alongside being steady, sustaining, and associated with their youngsters (Hall, 2010). The second sort of family is the conflictive-tyrant that is characterized as families with strife and the guardians are controlling, basic, and express misery with kids (Hall, 2010). The last kind of family Hall (2010) clarifies is the cautious careless, that didn't care for other racial gatherings and furthermore didn't show their youngsters to be pleased with being an African American. One noteworthy pattern that has been resolved about the African American family structure is that the more interconnected the family is, the lower the pace of sadness in African Americans (Hall, 2010). In view of these discoveries, a program called Strong African American Families has been made so as to fortify the connections among guardians and youngsters. As indicated by Hall (2010), â€Å"The Strong African American Families program additionally has been found to decrease preadolescent unsafe sexual practices, preadolescent liquor use, and parental sadness among African American families† (p.95). This sort of program has been compelling in keeping families durable and assisting with improving the objective of communalism. Language â€Å"Generations of hardships forced on the African American people group made unmistakable language designs. Slave proprietors regularly purposefully blended individuals who communicated in various African dialects to debilitate correspondence in any language other than English. This, joined with denials against instruction, prompted the advancement of pidginsimplified blends of at least two dialects that speakers of various dialects can use to impart. Instances of pidgins that turned out to be completely evolved dialects incorporate Creole, regular to Louisiana, and Gullah, normal to the Sea Islandsoff the bank of South Carolina and Georgia† (Rydell, 2010). It is tragic to believe that slave proprietors purposefully put Africans with individuals who didn't communicate in their language to dishearten correspondence, yet is have been inquired about and demonstrated to be valid. Subjugation isn't the main component to African American culture, and it regularly appears that while examining African American culture bondage is the principle point. Nonetheless, while examining language the time of bondage that they suffered have an inseparable tie to the development of African-American language. Since we have secured the root of African American language we can examine the American viewpoint of where cutting edge African American language stands, and how this impacts the way of life. â€Å"African American Vernacular English (AAVE)â€also called African American English; less absolutely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)â€is an African Americanvariety(dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English. Non-language specialists now and again call it Ebonics(a term that additionally has different implications or solid undertones) or jive or jive-talk. Its elocution is, in certain regards, basic to Southern American English, which is spoken by numerous African Americans and numerous non-African Americans in the United States. There is minimal territorial variety among speakers of AAVE. A few creolists, including William Stewart, John Dillard, and John Rickford, contend that AAVE shares such a large number of qualities with

MBA admission essay

I fantasy about getting one of the best electrical designers the world has ever delivered. This thought may appear to be unrealistic, however I plan to seek after this fantasy not long from now. In any case, I might want to finish my MBA degree and become a practiced understudy. I realize that it will take something other than a solid willed character to accomplish this, yet I know I’m looking great so far. I have been filling in as an Applications Engineer for as far back as four years and a half. With my experience, I have figured out how to deal with different difficulties and troublesome circumstances in a develop way. I gained an Engineering Management certificate which I earned as of late has by one way or another helped me in improving as an individual than I used to be. I am ready to deal with I accept that my characteristics are sufficient to qualify me into your MBA program. I am trustworthy, adaptable and can without much of a stretch coexist well with others. With my cordial mentality, I had the option to acquire than the typical number of companions which has helped me a great deal in playing out my obligations and duties as a worker. I don't permit weights to improve of me. With my comical inclination, I can very oversee well the difficulties that come my way.â I am expert dynamic, verifying that I meet my undertakings before the set cutoff time. Along these lines, I need not pack over my ventures and burn through valuable time crying over lost chances or possibilities. I give extraordinary consideration to small scale level details.â I am moreover quiet and persevering. I ensure that I give 100% of my time and exertion in any venture that is relegated to me. My folks have consistently disclosed to me that instruction is a significant legacy. Your recognition can really take you anyplace. It is essential to have a degree during these time and age. Instruction is such a huge fixing to progress. Without instruction, it will be hard to be equipped for the following employment. Instruction is such a learning experience. Without it, it will be difficult to go after your objectives. This is only one of the numerous reasons why I am keen on gaining my MBA degree. I accept that my college degree isn't sufficient to acquire me a pass to progress. It takes mineral than only an advanced education to arm me with the correct weapons to confront the difficulties that experience life. I can possibly reach skyward and gain high on the off chance that I had the option to accomplish my MBA certificate not long from now. I comprehend that it’s far to go. That this training will be another educational cost and another weight to convey, however I realize that it is so imperative to completely find my possibilities and I am upbeat that my folks are supporting me in my undertaking. As Khan (2000) places it in her article, the significance of training is very justifiable. It is the information on putting one's possibilities to the greatest. It will be such a waste if an individual isn't taught. Additionally, it will be hard to prepare an individual if he’s not taught. With the correct instruction, we can settle on the correct choices and think things in a superior point of view. As I have referenced, taking a MBA degree is a learning experience. I am mindful that despite the fact that I have earned my higher education, there is still such a long way to go regarding the world and to such a great amount to find. Somebody once said that except if you locate your missing connection, you won't be finished. Except if you become what you are bound to become, you won't be glad. I can really say that except if I win my MBA degree, I won't be the individual I have for the longest time been itching to be. Aside structure the qualities that made me novel, I am confident that I can be acknowledged to this degree program and that I will in the long run discover the satisfaction I had always wanted. At that point and at exactly that point will I have the option to yell to the world that indeed, I made it and I am glad and upbeat for everything. Source: Maulana Wahiduddin Khan. Significance of Education. The Milli Gazette. RNI DELENG/2000/930; ISSN 0972-3366 (2000) MBA Admission Essay To live is to pick. In any case, to pick well, you should know what your identity is and a big motivator for you, where you need to go and why you need to arrive (Kofi Annan).My essential youth objective was to acquire a Masters in Business Administration from the US. To this end, I took a stab at school and acquired awesome scholastic evaluations. My folks are unskilled and poor. We hail from a rustic region of the nation. In any case, my resolute commitment to procuring information brought about my getting awesome scores, in the tenth grade as well as the twelfth grade. In a portion of the subjects of study I even acquired the best grades in the whole state.Subsequently, I joined a school in Hyderabad, India. While driving to school, one troubling day in June 1986, I was engaged with an auto collision which prompted the total loss of wrist development in the correct hand. Since, I am a privilege given individual; this comprised a horrible hit to my instructive and different possibi lities. In this hour of my preliminary, my loved ones expanded all conceivable collaboration. The aftereffect of this was I figured out how to rise up out of a condition of despondency and proceed onward throughout everyday life. Entomb alia, I put forth exhausting attempts to adjust my left hand to the capacities that had recently been the restrictive protect of my privilege hand.Another wellspring of motivation was offered by the various genuinely and slow-witted people, who had defeated their incapacities and continued onward throughout everyday life. A portion of these individuals were at the exceptionally front of innovative and logical research. One such individual from whose life I drew motivation is Stephen Hawking, who is an acclaimed expert in hypothetical material science. Stephen created engine neurone malady, a hopeless infirmity. He lost his voice, portability and was bound to a wheel seat. In any case, such affliction neglected to discourage him and he keeps on making noteworthy commitments to cosmology (Hawking).I recuperated my composure and composing abilities in a half year and got high evaluations in the second year assessments. Notwithstanding going to school, I routinely experienced physio treatment and I had the option to finish my graduation alongside different understudies of my class.The year 1988, was observer to the death of my dad. This constrained me to bear the family duties. My mom created nephrological difficulties and my more youthful sibling and sister must be upheld monetarily. This constrained me to keep in cessation my fantasy of higher examinations and to start business. This experience showed me the estimation of dependable conduct. A couple of years after graduation, I set foot in the US and as such I came extremely close to accomplishing my goal.These encounters served to reinforce my determination and supported my self-assurance massively. I could obviously perceive what Napoleon had implied when he had expressed that â€Å"Impossible, ce n'est pas francais† or the word outlandish doesn't exist in my word reference. This demeanor end up being of incredible assistance to the administration of F.J. Benjamin and Holdings of Singapore, where I was utilized in the year 1996. The administration needed to buy an application programming bundle, though my chief was of the feeling that this bundle could be created by the current programming professionals.Accordingly, the administration allowed our gathering to build up the necessary application. Be that as it may, after certain days, the pace with which our work was advancing decreased significantly, because of the takeoff of various software engineers for greener fields. Simultaneously the board got unshakable upon our indicating results and expressed that it would buy the product in the event that we neglected to create it. At this pivotal crossroads, I attacked the issue in earnest and figured out how to persuade the administration that I would convey the product package.In request to prevail in my test, I moved toward my companions in the product business and acquired their important assistance. Some of them even joined our association and as such I guaranteed that the undertaking was finished effectively and well inside the dispensed financial plan. The administration of our association was amazingly satisfied with my dynamism, arranging limit, information, assurance and resolute commitment to obligation. This uncovers my fitness for management.I had been giving my opportunity to a few halfway houses and helping their prisoners in their academic undertakings. On observing my companion lose his vision, I created worry for the crippled and I sorted out various blood gift and organ gift camps. In addition, I effectively settled a halfway house in the city of Vishakhapatnam, India. At present I am in consistent touch with Shankar Netralaya in Chennai, India, which is extraordinary compared to other ophthalmologic focuses in India, to treat more people beset with maladies of the eye.The MBA Program of UCLA Anderson is truly outstanding of its sort on the planet. The personnel is continually occupied with inquire about and their discoveries are passed on to the understudies. Furthermore, examinations of pertinent worldwide occasion are ordinary in this program. Also, the required twenty weeks since quite a while ago Applied Management Research venture, which each understudy needs to finish, is regarding some genuine business situation.Thus the graduated class of this organization are really offered with the most recent hypothetical and down to earth information (MBA PROGRAM). I might want to turn into a piece of this extraordinary administration development and my achievements, fearlessness, inspirational disposition, idealism, constancy and experience of life ought to guarantee that I render total equity to this standout course in the executives. MBA Admission Essay To live is to pick. In any case, to pick well, you should know what your identity is and a big motivator for you, where you need to go and why you need to arrive (Kofi Annan).My essential youth objective was to get a Masters in Business Administration from the US. To this end, I took a stab at school and acquired generally excellent scholarly evaluations. My folks are uneducated and poor. We hail from a rustic territory of the nation. Notwithstanding, my

College Student Vs. Peers - 1921 Words

The life of a college student is one that holds many simplicities and complexities. But in the case of â€Å"College Student vs. Peers†, college students hold many obvious and hidden privileges over their peers who choose not to go to college. These privileges range from gaining perks of future financial stability to growth of their present emotional maturity. Of course, the most obvious advantages involve the idea that college will provide you with a better life. And by a better life I mean the works. You will be introduced to better job opportunities, chances to work in the field of your choice, higher income, expanded knowledge, better social skills, independence, a chance to conquer developmental milestones and investments into your future. According to â€Å"The Atlantic.Com†, a survey showed that many people believe that college degrees are inherited. Therefore, if you obtain a college degree then your children are more likely to do the same and your children†™s children will also follow, creating a cycle of educated individuals instead of high school drop outs. The average age of entering college or the work force is 18. At 18, not many have their lives figured out to the tee on exactly what they want to do and how they will get it done. For some they have gotten to this stage, but life threw them a curve ball in which they may have to take another route. Being in college can help you discover what you like and dislike. It also allows the individual an opportunity to exploreShow MoreRelatedEnemy Of Title Ix : The Department Of Health, Education And Welfare918 Words   |  4 Pagescomplaints by women facing gender discrimination on college campuses across the nation. 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The Effects Of School Violence On South Korea - 1308 Words

The supremacy of physical appearance in South Korea directly relates to every aspect of young people’s lives. As a whole, modern day Korea is an image-conscious and competitive nation. It is so much so that getting one’s foot in the door in love and career greatly depends on how attractive one looks. In order to enhance their social competitiveness, more and more young people have decided to undergo cosmetic surgery. First, in the middle and high school stages, there are many incidents of school violence that have occurred because of someone’s appearance. Students who look ugly will be more likely targets of ridicule. A study analyzing the reasons of school violence, shows that scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, global self-worth are the main reasons causing a school violence. Among them, physical appearance accounted for thirty percent of school violence as the most important reason. A half of students who enrolled this survey indicate that they have ever experienced school violence with acts of bullying and sexual harassment at least once in school life (Li 65-70). And this study also represented a phenomenon that most of the students in this bully groups are beautiful. An interview with the bully group of students found that they showed an arrogant attitude when they treated ugly students. They said that the ugly students make them uncomfortable and they thought ugly people should not be treated the sameShow MoreRelatedEssay on South Korean Education System and Human Development1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe growth and development of the country. As the education level of the population increases, the country grows as a whole toward a large economy. South Korea, for instance, had many events in history that influenced and developed the country to what it is today. 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The Korean War * Occupied by Japan during WWII, Korea had been divided in 1945. * In June 1950, the North Korean army invaded South Korea, hoping to reunify the country under communism. * Korea became the first clear test of containment. Gen. Douglas MacArthur * Launched a counter-invasion and was successful. He even pressed towards the boarder of China. MacArthurRead MoreThe 1950s and the 1960s900 Words   |  4 Pagesmany differences as well. Their similarities and differences include: the politics, the economy, the society, and the culture of both decades. In the 1950s, North Korea moved into South Korea and began a civil war between the two parallel countries. The reason for this dispute was the border lines as well as guerrilla fighting in the South, which created a greater tension on the issue. The reason why the U.S entered the Korean War was so that the Soviet Union would not gain another nation and, in turnRead MoreAlcohol Is The Biggest Killer Of Young People1566 Words   |  7 Pagespot of cultures and alcohol has played a great role and influence in this society. Each of these cultures mentioned have brought with them their cultural habits and drinking practices. But one of the most influential alcoholic imports has been t he effect on Native Americans and Native American culture since the founding of America. Before colonists came to the new world Native Americans only produced small quantities of weak beer and wine that was used mostly in ceremonies. 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After Kim Il-Sung died in 1994, who was a dictator for nearly 50 years, the North Korean government has lost its power on the people. Since then, communist system has collapsed and economic crisis has been aggravated. Also the food crisis in 1990s caused famine across the country. For these reasons, a lot of North Korean people have tried to escape from their home country or hide themselves in China. The number of

Sex Trafficking Within The United States - 1355 Words

Between 14,500 and 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States annually, and often, the average age of entry is thirteen to fourteen years old (Hodge, 2008). One victim recalls that her pimp, a man who controls sex workers and keeps the earnings, would take her and two other girls from the ninth grade out of school during lunchtime, have them do calls, and bring them back. She explains, â€Å"He knew how to read each girl—this one likes to party, that one needs a job, this one wants drugs.† By doing this he could coerce the girls into doing anything he wanted or needed them to (Collins, 2011). According to the Department of Justice, 300,000 children may become victims of sex trafficking each year (Bessler Greenwood, 2014). However, under federal law, anyone under 18 years of age persuaded into commercial sex is a victim of sex trafficking, regardless of whether the trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion (Coorlim Ford, 2015). 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Dreyfus Affair Research Paper free essay sample

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal, which polarized French society on a number of levels. The conviction of Jewish Artillery officer, Alfred Dreyfus raised many questions regarding the power of the French War Office, and called to attention the corruption within the French legal system. The Affair divided France on several levels, demonstrating the differing political methods of rural and urban France, as well as inspiring debate between Secularists and the Church, as well as the Left and Right wings. The Affair spurred an â€Å"emergence of anti-Semitic nationalist politics† (Fitch 57) and drove the formulation of a French Radical Right. This new divided and factional France, the disassociation between urban and rural society demonstrated by the Affair, as well the rampant anti-Semitism ignited by the trial established that the French were all too willing to turn on one another, and demonstrated that there was no real French unity, no real â€Å"French Nationalism. † Alfred Dreyfus was born October 9th in Mulhouse, France. He later moved to Alsace Lorrain, where he spent most of his childhood under the inattentive watch of his wealthy father. His family was forced to move to Paris when Germany Annexed the Alsace Lorrain Province in 1871. In 1877 Dreyfus entered the Ecole Polytechnique Military Academy at the age of eighteen; graduating three years later in 1880, he immediately joined the military, ultimately achieving the rank of captain in 1889, and was made assistant director to the polytechnical school. He was eventually admitted to the superior war college, where he graduated 9th in his class, eventually becoming a trainee at the army headquarters (Sinclair). A short while after his admittance to the army headquarters, Alfred Dreyfus was arrested on a claim of treachery drawn from his alleged writing of Bordereau: a document found in a wastebasket within the Statistical Section of the German embassy; the section concerned with counterintelligence. The document outlined the intentions of an army officer, believed to be Alfred Dreyfus, but later proved to be major the Count Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy, to sell military secrets to the Germans. It was around this time that Lieutenant Colonel du Paty de Clam, who was sure of Dreyfus’ guilt, even after being told otherwise by handwriting experts, was assigned chief investigator of the case. De Clam was ordered by his superiors to quickly conclude the matter, resulting in military pressure on the handwriting experts to produce results favorable to the Minister of War: the prosecuting side. De Clam’s conquest was joined by a number other generals due to religious affiliation, and their subsequent anti-Semitic sentiments, or their paranoia of national security. On October 15th, de Clam had Dreyfus write a dictation, which, unbeknownst to Dreyfus, was to be used as evidence against him. Satisfied with what he believed to be incriminating evidence, de Clam arrested Dreyfus on the spot, subtly offering him the alternative of suicide (Alfred Dreyfus Biography). Dreyfus was handed a guilty verdict after a corrupt trial of unreliable witnesses on the side of the prosecution. The defense was offered no testimony, no cross-examination, and faced a jury of minor officers trained to believe that the word of the Minister of War was absolute. The trial primarily consisted of slandering Dreyfus, painting him as the â€Å"dirty Jew† stereotype of the time (Mattar 144). The â€Å"Dirty Jew† stereotype evolved from anti-Semitic sentiments developed during the Middle Ages, where the newfound power of Christianity forced Jews to decide between conversion or death. The stereotype reached a high-point during the crusades, where the Jews were attacked, their synagogues burned, and the general populace was forced to flee. From their immigration into other nations developed the idea that they were scavengers, migrants, similar to rats. The Jews were looked down upon as unclean, as they were not Christian, and therefore not good, not â€Å"clean. † Dreyfus was sentenced to life in prison on the Devil’s Island penal colony in the Caribbean, coming as a surprise to both Dreyfus and his lawyer, as they believed he would be acquitted due to lack of evidence. Within the small circle interested in the trial, aristocrats and the urban populace, it was believed this punishment was far too harsh: â€Å"Had a traitor opened the border to the enemy and driven the German emperor straight to Notre-Dame† (Zola). On July 1st, 1895, Major Picquart became the head of the French Statistical Section. Picquart’s interest in the case lead to his discovery of forged case documents, planted by the former Statistical Section’s head. He presented this evidence to the Minister of War, but was ignored, concluding no matter the evidence presented proving Dreyfus’ innocence, no effort would be made to revise his case and no offer would be made for a retrial. The War Office wished to avoid a retrial, believing that acknowledging the innocence of Dreyfus would cause their own collapse under public contempt. Seeing the Major as a threat to this, Picquart was sent on a number of assignments, more often than not dangerous, in order to silence his pleas to retrial the innocent Dreyfus (Sinclair). It was around this time that a telegram sent by a foreign power was intercepted by the Lieutenant Colonel, proving Esterhazy’s guilt and, subsequently, Dreyfus’ innocence. Many came to the defense of Esterhazy, but it was clear that de Clam was at the heart of it, â€Å"with his trademark fruits of his fertile imagination† (Zola). Given a retrial after the surfacing of the new evidence, Dreyfus was again found guilty, his sentenced reduced to 10 years due to â€Å"extenuating circumstances. † This unjust punishment was met with the apathy of the people, primarily due to disassociation with political France or anti-Semitic beliefs. The War Office ultimately decided on the court-martialing of Esterhazy in order to establish his innocence and simultaneously confirm Dreyfus’. Esterhazy was unanimously acquitted after only two days, and the cause of the Dreyfusards was delivered a severe blow. A change of government in June 1898 appointed Godefroy Cavaignac, a staunch anti-revisionist, as the Minister of War. Cavaignac demanded a thorough investigation of the secret Dreyfus file, finding three documents supposedly indicative of both Dreyfus and Esterhazy’s guilt. Unfortunately for Cavaignac, one of the documents was found to be a forgery, and on August 30th, colonel Henry, the perpetrator of the forgery, was arrested. August 31st, Henry committed suicide, Esterhazy fled to Belgium, and a number of Generals involved in the cover-up resigned. Revision of the trial was inevitable, but in the months leading up to the trial, the army continued to resist, clinging to the belief that the truth would only cause internal collapse. Dreyfus is pardoned on September 19th, but is not restored his full position and his former honor until 1906. The Dreyfus trial had a number of resounding effects in the following years of the French political world. The Affair exposed corruption within both the military and the Church, calling attention to the flaws in the military hierarchy when dealing with internal Affairs. The jury, composed of minor military officers, had been taught obedience to the Ministry of War throughout their careers, eliminating the fairness and unbiased they were supposed to carry into a trial. The Affair also demonstrated the Church’s corrupt influence in the political world, as it was apparent Dreyfus’ religion played a large role on his persecution and conviction. This lead to the prompt passing of a secularist bill in 1905, separating Church and state. The Affair ultimately lead to a divided France- split due to religion, political affiliation, and wealth (Fitch 59). Throughout the trial, there existed the idea of anti-Semitism, ignited by the Affair itself. Despite his clear innocence, it was still maintained that Dreyfus was inherently guilty, dictated by the â€Å"Dirty Jew† stereotype of the time. Dreyfus was nothing more than a scapegoat, a cumulative expression of the anti-Semitic sentiments rampant at the time: â€Å"He [Dreyfus] is the victim of the lurid imagination of major du Paty de Clam, the religious circles surrounding him [the Church], and the ‘dirty Jew’ obsession† (Zola). This obvious societal division demonstrated the clear lack of unity among the French people. Despite identifying as French on a large scale, they first identified themselves as followers of the Church, as Christians, as anti-Semites. The French were so willing to turn on a clearly innocent man and the other half of the populace who supported him, because of religious stereotypes. This demonstrated that there was no real factor unifying the entirety of France, not nearly as much as there were factional loyalties, which made up a divided nation. During the Affair and in the period following it, France existed as a country, but not a nation. France existed as a place on the map, but there was no true â€Å"French† populace. The loyalties of the peoples were instead to their respective factions, created during the Affair. There were the Dreyfusards and the anti-Dreyfusards during the Affair, and immediately following it were the Left and Right wings, as well as the Church and the secularists. The Dreyfusards consisted of prominent liberals, Republicans, Socialists, anti-clerics, and aristocrats. On the opposing side: the anti-Dreyfusards were Royalists, anti-Semites, militarists, and those affiliated with the Church. The Affair was an amazing feat of unity as opposing groups were able to come together over similar opinions: the alliance between the Republicans and Socialists. Although the trial did promote unity, it was promoted on a factional level and small-scale. The Dreyfusards identified as Dreyfusards before they identified as French; on the opposing side, the anti-Dreyfusards too identified first as anti-Dreyfusards, and second as French. This factional dedication exhibited by those interested and involved in the trial demonstrated that there was no single factor unifying the general populace, instead there were unifying factors drawing small groups of people together, creating a plethora of factions which constituted France, and demonstrated that there was no French nationalism. There was instead factional nationalism: Dreyfusard nationalism or Secularist nationalism, but no French nationalism, no French nation. Despite its importance, a large majority of France, especially those who lived in rural areas, remained apathetic toward the trial. The disinterest was not a matter of intelligence, but a matter of relevance: â€Å"significant numbers of peasants remained indifferent to the Affair, not because they were unable to understand its complexities, but because it failed to strike a relevant chord in villages† (Fitch 56). This general disinterest in the countryside lead to the development of a differing political method than in urban France, where politics were based on leagues, mass movements, and mass culture. New rural politics were less driven by the â€Å"anonymous crowd† political method, which had preceded it, as less people in the countryside cared or were politically involved. The method became based on isolated political demonstrations, arguably granting greater power to the individual. The general rural populace remained uninterested in the larger ideas revealed during the Affair, viewing it only as a source of epithets and jokes to use in everyday life, contrasting greatly to the urban response to the trial where the majority of the populace was involved (Fitch 52). This disassociation between urban France and the majority of the population, who lived in rural France as peasants, goes to show the lack of a unifying factor for the majority of the people. This once again demonstrates a lack of â€Å"French† nationalism through a lack of French unity, further exemplified by the Affair. Many French historians believe that the Dreyfus Affair signified the birth French nationalism, but that was not the case. The Affair demonstrated that France was too factional, the classes too disassociated with one another for there to be any real unity across the country. The Affair teaches that on smaller scales, nationalism causes conflict. It is the overzealous pride in ones own belief, which can cause rational conflicts to spiral out of control. The Affair proposes that small-scale nationalism is the first step toward internal conflict and that nation-wide common unity is the sole cure to domestic strife.